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Lacquer fans were also one of the unique handcraft of the Song dynasty. : 8, 12–16 During the Song dynasty, famous artists were often commissioned to paint fans. : 8, 12–16 Round fans with Chinese paintings and with calligraphy became very popular in the Song dynasty. These round fans remained mainstream even after the growing popularity of the folding fans. : 5 These types of fans were mostly used by women in the Tang dynasty and was later introduced into Japan. Silk round-shaped fans are called tuanshan ( 团扇), also known as 'fans of reunion' it is a type of 'rigid fan'. While its shape evolved throughout the millennia, it remained used as a symbol of imperial power and authority it continued to be used until the fall of the Qing dynasty. This type of fan was used for ceremonial purposes. It is characterized with a long handed and the fan looks like a door in shape. The most ancient ritual Chinese fan is the wumingshan, also known as zhangshan, which is believed to have been invented by Emperor Shun. The Chinese dancing fan was developed in the 7th century.įemale attendants of Emperor Taizong holding large oblong fans known as wumingshan or zhangshan. In later centuries, Chinese poems and four-word idioms were used to decorate fans, using Chinese calligraphy pens. : 5 The selling of hexagonal-shaped fan was also recorded in the Book of Jin. The arts of fan making eventually progressed to the point that by the Jin dynasty, fans could come in different shapes and could be made in different materials.

The Chinese form of the feather fan, known as yushan, was a row of feathers mounted in the end of a handle. : 3–4 The oldest existing Chinese fans are a pair of woven bamboo, wood or paper side-mounted fans from the 2nd century BC. It was suggested by the Cultural Relics Archaeology Institute of Hubei Province that these fans were made of either bamboo or feathers and were oftentimes used as burial objects in the State of Chu. So far, the earliest fans that have been found date to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period. In ancient China, fans came in various shapes and forms (such as in a leaf, oval or a half-moon shape), and were made in different materials such as silk, bamboo, and feathers. Specific concepts of status and gender were associated with types of fans in Chinese history, but generally folding fans were reserved for males while rigid fans were for females. They were also carriers of Chinese traditional arts and literature and were representative of its user's personal aesthetic sense and their social status. They were also used for ceremonial and ritual purposes and as a sartorial accessory when wearing hanfu. The Chinese have used hand-held fans as a way to relief themselves during hot days since the ancient times the fans are also an embodiment of the wisdom of Chinese culture and art. Historically, fans have played an important aspect in the life of the Chinese people. The Chinese character for 'fan' ( 扇) is etymologically composed of the characters for 'door' ( 戶) and 'feather' ( 羽). There were many kinds of fans in ancient China. Replica of a short-handled bamboo fan, Warring States period Tomb. They were mostly used to shield a lady's face against the glare of the sun or the fire. Its purpose is different since they are more cumbersome to carry around. Next to the folding fan, the rigid hand screen fan was also a highly decorative and desired object among the higher classes. Fans are convenient to carry around, especially folding fans.

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It also increases heat convection by displacing the warmer air produced by body heat that surrounds the skin, which has an additional cooling effect, provided that the ambient air temperature is lower than the skin temperature – which is typically about 33 ☌ (91 ☏). On human skin, the airflow from handfans increases evaporation which has a cooling effect due to the latent heat of evaporation of water. Hand fans were used before mechanical fans were invented. Generally, purpose-made handheld fans are folding fans, which are shaped like a sector of a circle and made of a thin material (such as paper or feathers) mounted on slats which revolve around a pivot so that it can be closed when not in use. A handheld fan, or simply hand fan, is any broad, flat surface that is waved back-and-forth to create an airflow.

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